The Local Group as a Time Machine: Studying the High-Redshift Universe with Nearby Galaxies

The Small Magellanic Cloud, a companion to the Milky Way galaxy and a member of our Local Group of galaxies. The field of view is slightly larger than 3.5 x 3.6 degrees.

Scientists from the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics have extrapolated the character of the current galaxies in the Local Group back to the cosmic Epoch of Re-ionization, revealing that even modest galaxies today were significant contributors to the reionization of the neutral gas at that time.
Most galaxies lie in clusters, groupings of several to many thousands of galaxies. Our Milky Way galaxy itself is a member of the “Local Group,” a band of about fifty galaxies whose other large member is the Andromeda Galaxy about 2.3 million light-years away. The closest large cluster of galaxies to us is the Virgo Cluster, about 50 million light-years away, with about 2000 members. Astronomers are peering back into cosmic history, examining distant galaxies and trying to reconstruct the evolution of the universe, but distant galaxies are faint and hard to detect. Analyzing the evolution of clusters of galaxies offers a way to overcome this limitation.
About 380,000 years after the big bang, the nuclei of hydrogen atoms combined with free electrons to form neutral gas, beginning the so-called Dark Ages (“dark” because cold neutral gas does not radiate much). About four hundred million years later this gas began to be re-ionized by ultraviolet radiation from a newly born cosmic denizen: stars. There is a major gap in our understanding of this period, however: There did not seem to have been enough bright galaxies and stars back then to have done the job, at least according to astronomers who model the epoch of re-ionization. They conclude that faint galaxies, those 100-1000 times below the detection limits of current observatories, must have been necessary contributors. NASA’s soon-to-be-launched James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) has as one of its primary goals the detection of these hypothesized, faint galaxies.
CfA astronomers Benjamin Johnson and Charlie Conroy and their collaborators argue that even JWST is unlikely to detect the faintest and most numerous of these sources. Instead, they propose an alternative way to solve the problem of the missing ultraviolet: they use the Local Group of galaxies to learn about the faintest galaxies at the epoch of reionization. The scientists applied models of stellar evolution to extrapolate the current galaxies’ properties back to the epoch of re-ionization from its end time about one billion years after the big bang to times a few hundred million years earlier. The astronomers were able to show that many of the faintest galaxies in the Local Group today were at one time nearly as bright as the most distant galaxies currently being detected, and that the Milky Way’s two major dwarf galaxy companions, the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds, were also substantially more luminous back then. The team reports that even the small irregular galaxies in the Local Group must have been significant contributors to cosmic re-ionization back then, although even so they were so faint that JWST would not be able to see them.

Credit Debit VISA MASTER

Yale Scientists Solve the Problem of Sea Ice Thickness Distribution

Using molecular concepts and treating the ice floes of the frozen seas like colliding molecules in a fluid or gas, researchers at Yale University have answered a 40-year-old question about Arctic ice thickness.
Although today’s highly precise satellites do a fine job of measuring the area of sea ice, measuring the volume has always been a tricky business. The volume is reflected through the distribution of sea ice thickness — which is subject to a number of complex processes, such as growth, melting, ridging, rafting, and the formation of open water.
For decades, scientists have been guided by a 1975 theory (by Thorndike et al.) that could not be completely tested, due to the unwieldy nature of sea ice thickness distribution. The theory relied upon a term that could not be related to the others, which represented the mechanical redistribution of ice thickness. As a result, the complete theory could not be mathematically tested.
Enter Yale professor John Wettlaufer, inspired by the staff and students at the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Summer Study Program at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, in Massachusetts. Over the course of the summer, Wettlaufer and Yale graduate student Srikanth Toppaladoddi developed and articulated a new way of thinking about the space-time evolution of sea ice thickness.
The resulting paper will appear in the September 17 edition of the journal Physical Review Letters.
“The Arctic is a bellwether of the global climate, which is our focus. What we have done in our paper is to translate concepts used in the microscopic world into terms appropriate to this problem essential to climate,” said Wettlaufer, who is the A.M. Bateman Professor of Geophysics, Mathematics and Physics at Yale.
Wettlaufer and co-author Toppaladoddi recast the old theory into an equation similar to a Fokker-Planck equation, a partial differential equation used in statistical mechanics to predict the probability of finding microscopic particles in a given position under the influence of random forces. By doing this, the equation could capture the dynamic and thermodynamic forces at work within polar sea ice.
“We transformed the intransigent term into something tractable and — poof — solved it,” Wettlaufer said.
The researchers said their equation opens up the study of this aspect of climate science to a variety of methods normally used in nonequilibrium statistical mechanics.
Source: Jim Shelton, Yale University

Nexus 6 VS Moto X 2015

Google’s Nexus line has been through many guises during the past several years with the likes of HTC, Samsung and finally LG and Motorola undertaking OEM duties for the Big G. But perhaps the two most notable handsets of all were the Nexus 4 and the Nexus 5 –– both were hugely disruptive devices and both really did put the Nexus brand on the map.
A lot of people thought LG were on track to do a hat trick and secure a commission to build the Nexus 6. But –– for whatever reasons, and there are a few, as you can see in the paragraph below –– this didn’t happen. Instead, it was Motorola who was tasked with the privilege of building 2014’s Nexus 6. And 2014’s Nexus is a very different beast to 2012 and 2013’s Nexus having a higher price tag, improved specs across the board and a brand new gargantuan chassis for its massive 6in QHD display.
Evan Blass, in his column for KYM, believes the Nexus 6 we now know and love started life out as another handset entirely – the Moto S. The story goes that, after something of a crisis within Google, one featuring LG, Project Silver and the public reaction to Google killing off its Nexus programme, the decision was eventually made to pass the baton to Moto. And the rest, as they say, is history.
And that was just fine by us. Moto has been pumping out fine hardware for the past year or so, and the Nexus 6 is no exception. If the above scenario is true, then the Nexus 6 is basically just a bigger version of the Moto X with similar specs, hardware and performance. But is this the case? Lets examine both handsets in order to find out.
Here’s how the Moto X (2014) and Nexus 6 compare on paper.

Device	Motorola Moto X (2014)	Motorola Nexus 6
Dimensions	140.8 x 72.4 x 10mm, 144g	159.3 x 83 x 10.1mm , 184g
Display	5.2in AMOLED, 1920 x 1080 pixels, 424ppi	5.96in AMOLED, 1440 x 2560 pixels, 493ppi
Camera	13-megapixel, dual-LED flash, 2160p video	13-megapixel, dual-LED flash, 2160p video
Storage	16GB, 32GB	32GB, 64GB
Processor, RAM, Graphics	2.5GHz Qualcomm Snapdragon 801 quad-core Krait 400 (MSM8974AC) 2GB RAM, Adreno 330 GPU	2.7GHz Qualcomm Snapdragon 805 quad-core Krait 450, 3GB RAM, Adreno 420 GPU
Operating System,	Android 4.4 KitKat	Android 5.0 Lollipop
UI	N/A	N/A
Connectivity	microUSB, Bluetooth, NFC, dual-band Wi-Fi (Hotspot),DLNA,4G,GPS	microUSB, Bluetooth, NFC, dual-band Wi-Fi (Hotspot),DLNA,4G,GPS
Battery	2,300mAh	3,220mAh

Nexus 6 vs Moto X (2014): Design & Display 

Both the Nexus 6 and the Moto X (2014) share a lot of the same design language. When comparing photographs of the devices side by side it is difficult to tell which is which. The biggest difference comes in terms of size. The Moto X is the smaller device with a 5.2in display – it is still quite large in the hand and offers full HD 1080p at 424ppi. The Nexus 6 is a phablet device and comes with a 5.96in – let’s say 6in – AMOLED display offering full 2K resolution at 493ppi.
QHD –– whether you care or not –– is the new benchmark screen display in the Android space. In a world where Keeping up with the Jones’ is the name of the game, stuff changes rapidly and in this context 1080p displays appear to be going the way of BlackBerry with more and more handset manufacturers producing flagships with QHD setups. Samsung, LG, Google are just the first but there will be plenty more as we progress through 2015.

Both displays offer a great pixel density whilst viewing angles and contrast are excellent. The larger display will suit some whilst the Moto X will suit others. The Nexus 6 comes in a lot larger than the Moto X to house the display and could be unwieldy in smaller hands. It also makes the phone quite a bit heavier as well.
An ultra-thin bezel around the display is similar in both handsets as is the metal surrounding on both. The Nexus 6 comes with a plastic backing and is available in either Midnight Blue or Cloud White.

A big selling point of the Moto X (2014) comes in the form of the Moto Maker. It’s a website that allows you to customise your own Moto X including the choice of front panel colour – either black or white – and a much wider range of back panels including wood, leather and coloured plastics.
The type of material you choose can drive the price up but it means you can get the exact design you’ve wanted. You can even change the accent colour on the back camera ring.

Nexus 6 vs Moto X (2014): Hardware, Storage & Connectivity

Motorola’s connectivity options are remarkably similar on both devices. Each has microUSB for data transfer and charging as well as Bluetooth NFC, dual-band Wi-Fi (Hotspot), DLNA, 4G and GPS.

Storage options differ a little as the Nexus 6 has either 32GB or 64GB options. The Moto X only offers 16GB or 32GB and neither device offers microSD support.

Nexus 6 vs Moto X (2014): Processor, Software & Performance 

Under the hood both handsets once again look quite similar. The Moto X runs a Qualcomm Snapdragon 801 quad-core chipset clocked at 2.5GHz. It runs alongside 2GB of RAM.
The Nexus 6 comes in a little higher up the food chain with a Snapdragon 805 quad-core processor clocked at 2.7GHz alongside 3GB of RAM. That means Nexus 6 beats the Moto X in terms of raw power but only marginally. It isn’t a big jump as both are very similar and won’t offer that much difference in performance.

In terms of software both run Android Lollipop, so there's not much to really separate them here. The Moto X runs Android exactly how Google intended –– i.e. with no custom overlay. There are a couple of Motorola specific apps but nothing like the amount on say a Samsung device.
Google’s Nexus 6 also runs a stock version of the software but this time it’s running the more up to date Android 5.0 Lollipop. It is the first handset to do so and it means you get the brand new Material Design UI. Google has overhauled the look of the entire UI and now offers a brand new design with a much flatter and more stylish look than that on KitKat. Be sure to check out our Android Lolliopop Review for all the details.

Nexus 6 vs Moto X (2014): Camera

Both the Nexus 6 and Moto X have a 13MP sensor on the back offering a pixel resolution of 4128 x 3096 and a dual-LED flash. Each also offers Geo-tagging, touch focus, face detection, panorama and HDR.
The Nexus 6 has added features of dual-recording (where you can use both the selfie and primary cameras at once) and optical image stabilization.

Each can also record video in 4K @ 30fps and both have 2MP front facing selfie snappers. Aperture wise the cameras differ, the Nexus 6 comes with an F2.0 aperture whilst the Moto X has a slightly larger number of F2.2 - lower numbers are better though.
The optical image stabilization on the Nexus 6 is a big selling point and will make a difference to your photo snapping abilities.

Nexus 6 vs Moto X (2014): Battery 

On paper the Moto X comes with a 2,300mAh battery whilst the Nexus 6 comes with a much heftier 3,220mAh power supply. That is quite a big difference but remember the Nexus 6 also has to power quite a bit more screen real estate.
In our review we put the Moto X through its paces in what we call the Django Test. Essentially we turn the brightness right up, make sure connectivity is all on and run the 2hr 45min film Django Unchained and see what battery is left over afterwards. The Moto X came out the other side with 69%, a respectable score compared to other flagship devices this year.
The Nexus 6, with its HUGE battery, didn’t exactly live up to expectations during our two-week testing period. In the Django Test is just about scraped 60%. At best the Nexus 6’s battery could be described as average, giving you about 4 hours screen time tops in between charges –– not very much given just how big its battery is. A lot of this is to do with its QHD display, however, as more pixels, generally, means more battery problems (even with a 3220mAh unit in the back).
The iPhone 6 Plus, for instance, is around the same size as the Nexus 6 but it uses a smaller battery (well under 3000mAh) and a 1080p display. BUT it manages around 30% better performance than the Nexus 6, easily handling two day’s of medium usage from a single charge. We expected quite a bit from the Nexus in this regard because, like a lot of people, battery performance was one of our only complaints about the Nexus 5.
Here's an extract from our Nexus 6 Review: 
"The Nexus 6 isn’t a bad handset, though: it’s just disappointing to a dyed-in-the-wool Nexus user like myself. I had high hopes for this handset –– even more so when I saw the specs and that Motorola was in charge of designing and building it. But after testing I was left with a bitter taste in my mouth. Google seems to have lost sight of what made the Nexus 4 and Nexus 5 special –– what separated them from every other generic Android handset on the market. It’s sort of like when a band you really like gets a bit of attention and then, in a bid to appeal to even more people, augments it sound, tries to do too much and ends up with an album that lacks a lot of what made them good in the first place... sort of like the Kings of Leon." 


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New Features of Android M

Google has announced the Developer Preview of the next version of its Android operating system, Android M, at Google I/O 2015 in San Francisco. However, they did not announce which pastry or dessert it will be named after yet.
At the conference, Google senior VP of Products Sundar Pichai said that the Android M operating system will concentrate more on improving the stability and usability of the platform. There will be a lot more emphasis on the quality of the platform rather than a radically new look.
While not a major overhaul, it has some new features that make it worth getting excited about. Here are some cool new features you can expect to see in Android M.

1.Chrome Custome Tabs

Android M delivers an improved web experience with Chrome Custom Tabs. This new feature will let you include Chrome web view within a particular app, so you don’t need to switch to the Chrome browser on your phone. The Chrome browser will run atop your app (in case you click on any link within the app). Chrome features such as automatic sign-in, saved passwords, auto-fill will work on the apps seamlessly .

2.Android Pay

Android M will also come with Android Pay, a Google’s new mobile payments system designed to make the checkout process easier and faster.
Burke said that Android Pay will be available at 700,000 stores across the United States, and will work at any payment terminal equipped with NFC. To use it, all you’ll need to do is just unlock the phone and place it in front of a NFC compatible POS terminal.

How to Unlock or Bypass Of Any iPhone Passcode

For iphone users we are here with a method to How to Unlock iphone 4,4s,5,5s,6,6 plus,6s,7 Passcode. This is best way to bypass iphone screen security as many of you must be using iphone and sometime when you forgot your iphone passcode then there will no need to pay to unlock it, just refer our post and you will easily unlock your device. The methods that we had discussed will help you to access your iphone without entering the passcode. So have a look on complete guide below to proceed.

How To Unlock Passcode Of Any iOS Device

Here we will be discussing three method by which you can easily bypass your iphone passcode with the help of your PC. So proceed with all three methods discussed below.

Tips to Unlock iPhone Passcode 2015 :-

#1 Unlock iPhone Passcode – Using iTunes

This method works with iTunes. So open your iTunes on your computer or PC, and follow the below simple steps :-

1. Connect the device with your PC, which you normally use to connect your iPhone with iTunes.
2. Now it will automatically sync your iPhone and will create a backup of all your data.
3. Afterwards, restore your iPhone.
4. After that, it will show you different backups of your device, choose the most recent backup.
5. After completion of your restore process, you will able to use your phone without the iPhone passcode. Enjoy!

#2 Unlock iPhone Passcode – Using iCloud

This is only works if you have enabled Find My Phone feature on your iOS device. Because by using this method you can easily restore your iPhone and unlock your passcode. Actually, this is an amazing feature of iOS devices. It’s also very helpful when you lost your phone. You can reset all your valuable data remotely and many more.

1. Go to this iCloud on your PC.
2. Now sign in with your Apple ID and password.
3. Click All Devices at the top of your browser window.
4. From there select any device: iPhone, iPad or iPod Touch, whose data you want to erase.
5. Click Erase to erase your desired iPhone device and its passcode.
6. Now using the setup assistant on your device to restore the most recent backup and it will take your complete data backup excluding passcode.

#3 Unlock iPhone Passcode – Using Recovery Mode

1. Hold Sleep/Wake button and then tap on Power Off option.
2. Now Press and Hold Home button and at the same time plug in your device with your computer then your iPhone device will be automatically turned on.
3. Don’t left the home button until you see option that, Connect to iTunes.
4. Then iTunes will prompt message that it has detected a device, you need to tap on OK.
5. Then, restore your device with the same steps as described above.

IT'S DONE...................

How Hackers Can Hack Facebook Accounts In 2015

We are going to reveal all the  methods that generally hackers can use  to Hack Facebook Account /any type of personal account Password easily (Educational Purpose Only & Beware from Hackers).this post onlie helps you protect your self from heckers..

Today we will discuss a number of ways to Hack Facebook Account that all hackers usually use to hack Facebook Account. So beware from hackers and protect your facebook account from hackers. Our site provides only security tips to protect your facebook account from hackers . We sharing only these methods because if you know how to hack you must know how to secure. Must read carefully all these methods, beware from all attacks, and protect your facebook account from hackers.

Note :- This post is only for security purpose don’t try any illigal activity and i’m just shared these methods because protect our facebook account from these types of hacking attacks.

Top Ways How Hackers Can Hack Facebook Accounts In 2015

Mostly Hackers use these methods to hack facebook account 2015, So protect yourself from hackers. Must Read this post, and beware from hackers,

#1 Hack Facebook Account Password By Phishing
Phishing is still the most popular attack vector used for hacking Facebook accounts. There are variety methods to carry out phishing attack. In a simple phishing attacks a hacker creates a fake log in page which exactly looks like the real Facebook page and then asks the victim to log in. Once the victim log in through the fake page the, the victims “Email Address” and “Password” is stored in to a text file, and the hacker then downloads the text file and gets his hands on the victims credentials.

#2 Hack Facebook Account Password By Keylogging
Keylogging is the easiest way to hack a Facebook password. Keylogging sometimes can be so dangerous that even a person with good knowledge of computers can fall for it. A Keylogger is basically a small program which, once is installed on victim’s computer, will record every thing victim types on his/her computer. The logs are then send back to the attacker by either FTP or directly to hackers email address.

#3 Stealer’s
Almost 80% percent people use stored passwords in their browser to access the Facebook. This is quite convenient, but can sometimes be extremely dangerous. Stealer’s are software’s specially designed to capture the saved passwords stored in the victims Internet browser.

#4 Hack Facebook Account Password By Session Hijacking
Session Hijacking can be often very dangerous if you are accessing Facebook on a http (non secure) connection. In Session Hijacking attack, a hacker steals the victims browser cookie which is used to authenticate the user on a website, and use it to access the victims account. Session hijacking is widely used on LAN, and WiFi connections.

#5 Sidejacking With Firesheep
Sidejacking attack went common in late 2010, however it’s still popular now a days. Firesheep is widely used to carry out sidejacking attacks. Firesheep only works when the attacker and victim is on the same WiFi network. A sidejacking attack is basically another name for http session hijacking, but it’s more targeted towards WiFi users.

#6 Mobile Phone Hacking
Millions of Facebook users access Facebook through their mobile phones. In case the hacker can gain access to the victims mobile phone then he can probably gain access to his/her Facebook account. Their are a lots of Mobile Spying software’s used to monitor a Cellphone. The most popular Mobile Phone Spying software’s are: Mobile Spy, and Spy Phone Gold.

#7 DNS Spoofing
If both the victim and attacker are on the same network, an attacker can use a DNS spoofing attack and change the original Facebook page to his own fake page and hence can get access to victims Facebook account.

#8 USB Hacking
If an attacker has physical access to your computer, he could just insert a USB programmed with a function to automatically extract saved passwords in the Internet browser.

#9 Man In the Middle Attacks
If the victim and attacker are on the same LAN and on a switch based network, a hacker can place himself between the client and the server, or he could act as a default gateway and hence capturing all the traffic in between.

#10 Botnets
Botnets are not commonly used for hacking Facebook accounts, because of it’s high setup costs. They are used to carry more advanced attacks. A Botnet is basically a collection of compromised computer. The infection process is same as the key logging, however a Botnet gives you additional options for carrying out attacks with the compromised computer. Some of the most popular Botnets include Spyeye and Zeus.

Mostly hackers use these methods to how to hack facebook account password, We are shared this ways/post only for security purpose. We get numerous emails on a daily basis asking us to how to Hack friends Facebook or E-mail account  If your email falls into any of the above categories we will not help you.

Trick to install custom ROM on Rooted android phone

All of my friends who have rooted android phone we are here with cool tip to Safely Install Custom Rom On Rooted Android. Many of you must had rooted your android device as it is cool and it gives you the complete admin ship of your android device. And the best thing you can do is you can try lots of custom Rom on your android device. But the worst that can happen in it that your device can gets bricked up while installing any ROM having some bugs. So here i will be discussing way to safely install custom rom on your android. So have a look on complete guide below.


#1 Take Complete Backup Of Your Android Data

First of all you need to backup all your apps in your android and for this we suggest you Titanium Backup  CLICK HERE that will works on rooted android and give you the complete backup of all your data. Save the backup file in your SD Card.

#2 Take Backup Of Your Current Rom

The major thing you have to do is backup your current rom and this can be best done with the help of either using Clockworkmod or using Rom Manager App Click Here To Download, this app will automatically backup your Current Rom and then save the Rom Backup File In Your External SD Card.


#3 Installing Custom Rom Using Rom Manager App Or Clockworkmod

Now after doing all the above steps proceed with installing the file of your Rom. This you can done using either from Clockworkmod and either you can do using the Rom Manager App To Download Click Here which is quite safe.

#4 Restore Previous Rom If Your Device Got Bricked

If worst hit your and your device got bricked then do not panic as you are already ready to best handle this situation. Now you can get back to your previous Rom by opening Clockworkmod and Restore the backup file from your SD Card.

#5 Restoring Apps And Data Using Titanium Backup

Now while installing your custom ROM your device will be factory reset and all your apps will get deleted and you will restore all that using the backup file of titanium backup that you had made in first step.



                              !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! CONGRATULATIONS  IT'S DONE !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!